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Research Summary

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Prof Jason Carroll

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Lineage tracing

To determine the fate of clones we need to be able to observe them. This can be done directly by visualizing them or indirectly using DNA sequencing to detect unique mutations. Visualisation can be done in a number of ways using genetically modified mice. It commonly involves inducing a low frequency of sporadic activation of reporter genes using tightly regulated site specific recombinases, e.g. Cre, Flp, Dre. The recombinases can be expressed from specific stem or progenitor populations, or throughout the tissue. Spontaneous somatic mutations can sometimes be visualized directly.

The composition, frequency and size of clones are determined and this quantitative assessment lends itself to mathematical interpretations to describe the processes by which grow and become fixed and infer the behaviours of the original individually marked cells, that are commonly stem cells.

Stem cell extinctions and expansions characterize the process by which surviving clones can eventually become fixed in the epithelium – by occupying the individual glands or crypts that characterise the epithelium.

 

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Stem cell and clonality

Introduction

Cancers of the colon, like other cancers, arise from the abnormal growth of cells containing oncogenic mutations. This provides the motivation to understand in detail the molecular changes accompanying such mutations. In contrast the impact of mutations on cell fates within affected tissues receives relatively little attention. Yet cancers are comprised of expanded clones of cells. Every mutated clone has a natural history involving discrete steps that establishes the fate of the founding cell and of its clonal descendants to dictate their contribution to, and availability for, neoplastic transformation.

We investigate the origin of clones in the intestinal epithelium to understand the probability of their survival and expansion at each stage and how this varies with different mutations. By defining when during their natural history clones predisposed to cancer become permanently fixed and how much they subsequently grow we can tailor interventions appropriately: aiming either to promote their extinction or limit their growth.

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Introduction

Cancers of the colon, like other cancers, arise from the abnormal growth of cells containing oncogenic mutations. This provides the motivation to understand in detail the molecular changes accompanying such mutations. In contrast the impact of mutations on cell fates within affected tissues receives relatively little attention. Yet cancers are comprised of expanded clones of cells. Every mutated clone has a natural history involving discrete steps that establishes the fate of the founding cell and of its clonal descendants to dictate their contribution to, and availability for, neoplastic transformation.

We investigate the origin of clones in the intestinal epithelium to understand the probability of their survival and expansion at each stage and how this varies with different mutations. By defining when during their natural history clones predisposed to cancer become permanently fixed and how much they subsequently grow we can tailor interventions appropriately: aiming either to promote their extinction or limit their growth.

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“We are excited about studying the fundamental processes of this highly unusual but important protein. The insight will help us understand how specialised master regulators like FOXA1 can change the genomic landscape and ultimately the fate of a cell, which is important given that FOXA1 is a major driver in breast and prostate cancer. We thank the Wellcome Trust for the opportunity to conduct this work.”

Prof Jason Carrol

Group Members

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    Clive D'Santos

    Core Facility Manager

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    Valar Franklin

    Senior Scientific Associate

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    Eva Papachristou

    Principle Scientific Associate

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My Group Members

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    Raza Ali

    Group Leader

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    Neus Masque Soler

    Principal Scientific Associate

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    Shimrit Mayer

    Research Associate

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    Atif Khan

    Research Associate

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    Ciccy Wang

    Postgraduate Student

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    Ellen Schrader

    Postgraduate Student

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    Lubna Ahmad

    Postgraduate Student

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    Caroline Caruso Carter

    Postgraduate Student

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    Ioanna Karouzou

    Research Administrator

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